Effectiveness and Safety of an Extended ICU Visitation Model for Delirium Prevention: A Before and After Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of an extended visitation model compared with a restricted visitation model on the occurrence of delirium among ICU patients. DESIGN: Prospective single-center before and after study. SETTING: Thirty-one-bed medical-surgical ICU. PATIENTS: All patients greater than or equal to 18 years old with expected length of stay greater than or equal to 24 hours consecutively admitted to the ICU from May 2015 to November 2015. INTERVENTIONS: Change of visitation policy from a restricted visitation model (4.5 hr/d) to an extended visitation model (12 hr/d). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-six patients were enrolled (141 restricted visitation model, 145 extended visitation model). The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of delirium, assessed bid using the confusion assessment method for the ICU. Predefined secondary outcomes included duration of delirium/coma; any ICU-acquired infection; ICU-acquired bloodstream infection, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection; all-cause ICU mortality; and length of ICU stay. The median duration of visits increased from 133 minutes (interquartile range, 97.7-162.0) in restricted visitation model to 245 minutes (interquartile range, 175.0-272.0) in extended visitation model (p < 0.001). Fourteen patients (9.6%) developed delirium in extended visitation model compared with 29 (20.5%) in restricted visitation model (adjusted relative risk, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26-0.95). In comparison with restricted visitation model patients, extended visitation model patients had shorter length of delirium/coma (1.5 d [interquartile range, 1.0-3.0] vs 3.0 d [interquartile range, 2.5-5.0]; p = 0.03) and ICU stay (3.0 d [interquartile range, 2.0-4.0] vs 4.0 d [interquartile range, 2.0-6.0]; p = 0.04). The rate of ICU-acquired infections and all-cause ICU mortality did not differ significantly between the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this medical-surgical ICU, an extended visitation model was associated with reduced occurrence of delirium and shorter length of delirium/coma and ICU stay.

Uso da tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica como ferramenta de auxílio às manobras de recrutamento alveolar na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: relato de caso e breve revisão da literatura / Use of thoracic electrical impedance tomography as an auxiliary tool for alveolar recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome: case report and brief literature review

RESUMO A tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica constitui ferramenta de monitorização não invasiva, em tempo real, da distribuição regional da ventilação pulmonar. Sua utilização à beira do leito em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo tem o potencial de auxiliar na condução de manobras de recrutamento alveolar, frequentemente necessárias em casos de hipoxemia refratária. Neste relato de caso, apresentamos os resultados e a interpretação da monitorização da tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica em um paciente com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, durante manobras de recrutamento alveolar, com aplicação transitória de altas pressões alveolares e titulação da pressão positiva ao final da expiração ideal. Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma breve revisão da literatura a respeito do uso de manobras de recrutamento alveolar e monitorização com tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo.

ABSTRACT Thoracic electrical impedance tomography is a real-time, noninvasive monitoring tool of the regional pulmonary ventilation distribution. Its bedside use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has the potential to aid in alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which are often necessary in cases of refractory hypoxemia. In this case report, we describe the monitoring results and interpretation of thoracic electrical impedance tomography used during alveolar recruitment maneuvers in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, with transient application of high alveolar pressures and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure titration. Furthermore, we provide a brief literature review regarding the use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers and monitoring using thoracic electrical impedance tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Cardiogenic shock due to Gemella morbillorum native mitral valve endocarditis.

Gemella morbillorum is a rare cause of infective endocarditis. Consequently, little is known about the natural course of endocarditis secondary to this pathogen. Herein, we report a case of cardiogenic shock as a complication of acute mitral valve regurgitation following Gemella morbillorum native valve endocarditis.

Use of thoracic electrical impedance tomography as an auxiliary tool for alveolar recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome: case report and brief literature review.

Thoracic electrical impedance tomography is a real-time, noninvasive monitoring tool of the regional pulmonary ventilation distribution. Its bedside use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has the potential to aid in alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which are often necessary in cases of refractory hypoxemia. In this case report, we describe the monitoring results and interpretation of thoracic electrical impedance tomography used during alveolar recruitment maneuvers in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, with transient application of high alveolar pressures and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure titration. Furthermore, we provide a brief literature review regarding the use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers and monitoring using thoracic electrical impedance tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Hypovitaminosis D in patients with cystic fibrosis: a cross-section study in South Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have a susceptibility to vitamin D deficiency because of nutrient malabsorption. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in CF patients and the factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. METHODS: We evaluated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D <30 ng/mL, as suggested recently by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and factors associated with its serum levels. Patients with confirmed CF were included. Nutritional status and hospital admissions were evaluated. Serum C-reactive protein, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, albumin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels were measured. Lung function was evaluated by spirometry, and clinical and chest radiographic scores were assessed. Statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 61%. Patients with pancreatic insufficiency had a trend to have higher vitamin D levels. Sixteen patients had severe lung disease with percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s predicted below 40%. After multivariate analysis, body mass index and hospitalization in the last month remained significantly associated with serum vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D insufficiency is still a problem in CF patients, even in those receiving supplementation.

Prevalência de hipertensão resistente em adultos não idosos: estudo prospectivo em contexto ambulatorial / Prevalence of resistant hypertension in non-elderly adults: prospective study in a clinical setting

FUNDAMENTO: Em face de definições de variáveis e critérios de amostragem, a real prevalência de hipertensão resistente em ambiente clínico é desconhecida. OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de real hipertensão resistente em uma clínica de hipertensão arterial. MÉTODOS: Hipertensão resistente verdadeira foi diagnosticada quando fenômeno do jaleco branco, insuficiente adesão ao tratamento e hipertensão secundária foram excluídos em pacientes com Pressão Arterial (PA) ≥ 140/90 mmHg em duas visitas consecutivas, usando três de fármacos anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diurético. RESULTADOS: No total, 606 pacientes, com 35 a 65 anos de idade, a maioria mulheres, com PA de 156,8 ± 23,8 mmHg por 91,9 ± 15,6 mmHg e IMC de 29,7 ± 5,9 Kg/m² foram sequencialmente avaliados. Cento e seis pacientes em uso de três agentes anti-hipertensivos estavam com pressão arterial não controlada (17,5% da amostra total) na primeira visita. Oitenta e seis pacientes (81% dos pacientes com PA não controlada na primeira avaliação) retornaram para a avaliação de confirmação: 25 estavam com PA controlada; 21 tinham evidência de baixa adesão ao tratamento; 13 tinham fenômeno do jaleco branco; e 9 tinham hipertensão secundária, restando 18 pacientes (20,9% dos não controlados na consulta de confirmação e 3% da amostra total) com verdadeira hipertensão resistente. Considerando pacientes com hipertensão secundária como casos de hipertensão refratária, a prevalência de hipertensão resistente aumentou para 4,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de hipertensão resistente verdadeira em pacientes não idosos é baixa em um ambiente clínico, e não é substancialmente aumentada com a inclusão de pacientes com hipertensão secundária. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

BACKGROUND: In face of variable definitions and sampling criteria, the real prevalence of resistant hypertension in a clinical setting is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in an outpatient hypertension clinic. METHODS: True resistant hypertension was diagnosed when white coat phenomenon, lack of compliance and secondary hypertension were excluded in patients with blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg in two consecutive visits, despite to be using three blood pressure-lowering agents, including a diuretic. RESULTS: In the total, 606 patients, with 35 to 65 years of age, mostly women, with BP of 156.8 ± 23.8 mmHg by 91.9 ± 15.6 mmHg and a BMI of 29.7 ± 5.9 Kg/m² were sequentially evaluated. One hundred and six patients using three BP drugs had uncontrolled blood pressure (17.5% of the whole sample) in the first visit. Eighty-six patients (81% of the patients with uncontrolled BP in the first evaluation) returned for the confirmatory evaluation. Twenty-five had controlled BP, 21 had evidence of low adherence to treatment, 13 had white coat phenomenon and 9 had secondary hypertension, leaving only 18 patients (20.9% of those uncontrolled in the confirmatory visit and 3% of the whole sample) with true resistant hypertension. Considering patients with secondary hypertension as cases of resistant hypertension, the prevalence of resistant hypertension increased to 4.5%. CONCLUSION: The frequency of patients with true resistant hypertension in non-elderly patients is low in a clinical setting, and is not substantially increased with the inclusion of patients with secondary hypertension. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).

Prevalence of resistant hypertension in non-elderly adults: prospective study in a clinical setting.

BACKGROUND: In face of variable definitions and sampling criteria, the real prevalence of resistant hypertension in a clinical setting is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence of true resistant hypertension in an outpatient hypertension clinic. METHODS: True resistant hypertension was diagnosed when white coat phenomenon, lack of compliance and secondary hypertension were excluded in patients with blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg in two consecutive visits, despite to be using three blood pressure-lowering agents, including a diuretic. RESULTS: In the total, 606 patients, with 35 to 65 years of age, mostly women, with BP of 156.8 ± 23.8 mmHg by 91.9 ± 15.6 mmHg and a BMI of 29.7 ± 5.9 Kg/m² were sequentially evaluated. One hundred and six patients using three BP drugs had uncontrolled blood pressure (17.5% of the whole sample) in the first visit. Eighty-six patients (81% of the patients with uncontrolled BP in the first evaluation) returned for the confirmatory evaluation. Twenty-five had controlled BP, 21 had evidence of low adherence to treatment, 13 had white coat phenomenon and 9 had secondary hypertension, leaving only 18 patients (20.9% of those uncontrolled in the confirmatory visit and 3% of the whole sample) with true resistant hypertension. Considering patients with secondary hypertension as cases of resistant hypertension, the prevalence of resistant hypertension increased to 4.5%. CONCLUSION: The frequency of patients with true resistant hypertension in non-elderly patients is low in a clinical setting, and is not substantially increased with the inclusion of patients with secondary hypertension.

Adrenal Failure due to Adrenal Metastasis of Lung Cancer: A Case Report.

We report a case of a patient with adrenal failure due to bilateral adrenal metastasis of lung cancer. This is a rare presentation of lung cancer. We review the differential diagnosis of weight loss and how to make diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.